- Wasilla Alaksa (13 wards, 1 branch)
- Taylor Arizona (11 wards, 1 branch)
- Thatcher Arizona (11 wards)
- Gilbert Arizona Higley (12 wards)
- Mesa Arizona Desert Ridge (13 wards)
- Phoenix Arizona (11 wards, 1 branch)
- Queen Creek Arizona North (13 wards)
- Queen Creek Arizona South (12 wards
- North Little Rock Arkansas (9 wards, 7 branches)
- Rogers Arkansas (11 wards, 4 branches)
- Los Angeles California Stake (12 wards)
- Menifee California (14 wards, 1 branch)
- Arapahoe Colorado (14 wards)
- Denver Colorado North (12 wards)
- Colorado Springs North (14 wards)
- Greeley Colorado (11 wards, 3 branches)
- Loveland Colorado (11 wards)
- Meeker Colorado (11 wards, 4 branches)
- Springfield Missouri South (11 wards, 2 branches)
- Billings Montana (11 wards, 4 branches)
- Henderson Nevada Black Mountain (12 wards)
- Las Veas Nevada South (13 wards)
- North Las Vegas Nevada (14 wards)
- Sparks Nevada (12 wards, 1 branch)
- New York New York (13 wards,1 branch)
- Apex North Carolina (11 wards, 1 branch)
- Keizer Oregon (12 wards, 4 branches)
- Providence Rhode Island (10 wards, 4 branches)
- Allen Texas (11 wards, 1 branch)
- Austin Texas (11 wards)
- Colleyville Texas (14 wards)
- Cypress Texas (12 wards)
- Dallas Texas (11 wards, 3 branches)
- Dallas Texas East (11 wards)
- Denton Texas (12 wards)
- Frisco Texas (11 wards, 1 branch)
- Round Rock Texas (12 wards)
- San Antonio Texas East (11 wards, 2 branches)
- San Antonio Texas West (13 wards)
- Spring Texas (11 wards)
- Alpine Utah North (14 wards)
- Bluffdale Utah (13 wards)
- Eagle Mountain Utah (12 wards)
- Herriman Utah Rose Canyon (12 wards)
- Herriman Utah South (12 wards)
- Highland Utah (13 wards)
- Highland Utah West (12 wards)
- Hooper Utah (13 wards)
- Huntsville Utah (12 wards)
- Kaysville Utah West (12 wards)
- La Verkin Utah (12 wards)
- Lehi Utah Gateway (12 wards)
- Mapleton Utah (12 wards)
- Pleasant View Utah (12 wards)
- Saratoga Springs Utah South (13 wards)
- St George Utah Bloomington Hills (12 wards)
- St George Utah Little Valley (14 wards)
- Tooele Utah North (12 wards)
- Ashburn Virginia (12 wards)
- Fredericksburg Virginia (13 wards, 2 branches)
- Mount Vernon Virginia (13 wards)
- Bellevue Washington (11 wards, 1 branch)
- Maple Valley Washington (12 wards)
- Tacoma Washington (12 wards)
- Vancouver Washington East (11 wards)
- Laramie Wyoming (12 wards, 1 branch)
- Gillette Wyoming (10 wards, 5 branches)
Monday, July 29, 2013
Stakes Likely to Split in the United States
Below is a list of stakes in the United States that appear likely to split within the near future. The previous list was posted in 2009.
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Any word on any of the U.S. districts becoming stakes soon? I know the Pierre South Dakota and Traverse City Districts both have pretty sufficient numbers (last checked),
The Lynbrook New York and Paterson New Jersey districts ought to just combine since they are very close to neighboring stakes.
The Fort Stockton Texas District could combine with the Odessa Texas Stake and maybe eventually split to create a Midland Texas Stake.
Not too sure about the other districts, though they could combine with nearby stakes. Here in Alaska, they do a lot with technology and communicating with branches that are more than 200 miles away in the stake.
The Wasilla Stake is fairly large, it could do an even split between Wasilla and Palmer with 7 wards in Wasilla and 6 wards, 1 branch in Palmer.
The Fairbanks Stake is pretty large in size. A new ward in Fairbanks and maybe one in North Pole and/or another in the Southeastern part of the stake, it could split between Fairbanks and North Pole. A current split would probably be Fairbanks with 5 wards, 4 branches and North Pole with 4 wards, 2 branches.
The 3 Anchorage Stakes are almost large enough for a 4th stake, though I am not sure which would come first: Another English stake, or a Samoan stake. The Samoan Stake would currently have 3 Samoan Wards and a Tongan Ward, but I don't know how big their congregations are.
Anchorage Stake: 8 wards, 3 branches
All 8 wards in Anchorage (including 1 YSA), 1 branch in Girdwood, 1 branch in Unalaska (about 800 miles away), and 1 regional branch that covers all of the bush communities in Western Alaska except for towns that have their own branch.
Anchorage Chugach Stake: 7 wards, 4 branches
5 wards in Eagle River, 2 wards in Anchorage (1 YSA). 1 Hmong speaking branch in Anchorage, 1 branch in Kotzebue (more than 500 miles away), 1 branch in Nome (roughly same distance away as Kotzebue), and 1 branch in Bethel (about 400 miles away).
Anchorage North Stake: 10 wards, 2 branches
Probably the smallest stake geographically in Alaska.
6 English speaking wards, 3 Samoan wards, 1 Tongan Ward, a Spanish Branch, and 1 branch in Dillingham (more than 300 miles away).
The Soldotna Stake is small and has experienced very little growth since it's creation. 5 wards and 2 branches. I think there might be a YSA branch created there soon, since it's the only part of Alaska not covered by a YSA congregation. I also wonder if they would create a branch in Seldovia (part of the Homer Ward) because it and the nearby communities have to boat to Homer.
The Juneau Stake is very large in terms of congregations, but is mostly branches. 4 wards, 10 branches.
I wonder if there will be a temple in Fairbanks soon (Winnipeg is getting one). It is more than 250 miles away and takes 6.5 hours to get to Anchorage. I am curious if the Juneau Stake would got to Fairbanks because the 3 branches that are on the road system (Whitehorse, Stagway, and Haines) are a lot closer (distance and time) to Fairbanks, but the rest of the stake would have to fly in.
Just my thoughts. Rant over.
Districts in the US:
Eagle Pass District, Texas San Antonio Mission (5 branches)
Carrizo Springs Branch
Del Rio 1st Branch
Del Rio 3rd Branch (Spanish)
Eagle Pass 1st Branch
Eagle Pass 2nd Branch (Spanish)
Fort Stockton Texas District, Texas Lubbock Mission (4 branches)
Alpine Branch
Fort Stockton Branch
Monahans Branch
Pecos Branch
Laredo Texas District, Texas McAllen Mission (5 branches)
Laredo 1st Branch
Laredo 2nd Branch (Spanish)
Laredo 3rd Branch
Laredo 4th Branch
Laredo 5th Branch (Spanish)
Lynbrook New York District, New York New York South Mission (5 branches)
Belle Harbor Branch
Freeport Branch
Lynbrook Branch
Mineola Branch (Spanish)
Rockaway Branch (Spanish)
Paterson New Jersey District, New Jersey Morristown Mission (3 branches)
Passaic Branch (Spanish)
Paterson 1st Branch (Spanish)
Paterson 2nd Branch
Pierre South Dakota District, South Dakota Rapid City Mission (12 branches)
Chamberlain Branch
Cherry Creek Branch
Eagle Butte Branch
Faith Branch
Gettysburg Branch
Martin Branch
Miller Branch
Pierre Branch
Rosebud Branch
Valentine Branch
White River Branch
Winner Branch
Potsdam New York District, New York Utica Mission (6 branches)
Lake Placid Branch
Malone Branch
Massena Branch
Ogdensburg Branch
Plattsburgh Branch
Potsdam Branch
Traverse City Michigan District, Michigan Lansing Mission (7 branches)
Alpena Branch
Cadillac Branch
Gaylord Branch
Kalkaska Branch
Petoskey Branch
Sault Ste Marie 2nd Branch
Traverse City Branch
Wendover Utah District, Utah Salt Lake City Mission (3 branches)
Ibapah Branch
Montello Branch
Wendover Branch
The Juneau Stake has about 3400 members (according to ARDA as the end of 2010), not including a branch in Yukon Territory, Canada.
It is spread out, but I would think it is a long way from being able to be split.
In Billings Montana, with the creation of three wards on one day in a single stake. I wonder if a new chapel has been dedicated, making room for three new wards.
@ Mike
I currently live in the Billings Montana Stake. No new meetinghouse has been constructed, but I wouldn't be surprised if a new one is built within the next few years. We currently have eight meetinghouses. Four are located in remote locations that house one branch each. Another meetinghouse is located in in the next town over, Laurel, that previously only housed one ward, but one of the new wards has been assigned there. There is an old meetinghouse in a historic part of town that currently houses only the YSA ward, as well as a family history center and a facilities office. It is unlikely that other wards will be assigned there, as parking is very limited and the building is on the small side. The remaining two meetinghouses each had three wards, but now each have four. The stake is hoping to split to create a third stake in Billings within the near future. If a new meetinghouse is built it could be designated as a future stake center.
While I accept that counting Church units is the best way to predict where a stake may split, the Los Angeles, CA stake may be a good example of the value of a closer look. I don’t think this stake is likely to split anytime soon, and if anything, the number of units may actually decrease.
Currently there are 12 wards in the stake:
Westwood 1st
Westwood 2nd
Hollywood
Wilshire
Adams
Olympic (Korean)
LA 3rd (Spanish)
LA 4th (Spanish)
LA 6th (Spanish)
LA YSA
UCLA (student)
USC (student)
The three Spanish-speaking wards were added less than a year ago when a Spanish-speaking stake in the area was dissolved. I wouldn’t expect new stakes to be created so soon on the heels of another being dissolved, but as the dynamics may be different because of the types of wards involved, a closer look is probably worthwhile.
The two Westwood wards are definitely the strongest in terms of active membership and priesthood leadership, but neither has enough youth alone to have a really strong program. The membership in Westwood 1st skews towards retirees, and the membership in Westwood 2nd skews towards mid-singles. They currently have overlapping schedules in order to have a combined youth program.
These two wards also have a combined Sunday school class for mid-singles. Two of the neighboring stakes have mid-singles units, but there doesn't appear to be quite enough mid-singles in the LA stake to justify a separate unit here. The compromise is to provide the combined mid-singles Sunday school class for the two wards that have the most mid-singles, and to provide a mid-singles sacrament service every 5th Sunday. Many of the family wards also depend on mid-singles to fill important callings.
The next strongest ward in the stake is probably the Wilshire Ward, but here again, the schedule overlaps with the LA 3rd Ward (Spanish) and the Olympic Ward (Korean) in order to run a combined youth program in English. Though not all of the parents necessarily want their children attending church in English, the fact is none of the wards are large enough to sustain a youth program separately (both in terms of number of youth, and even more so in terms of available adult leadership).
Then we have the Hollywood Ward and LA 4th Ward, with their youth programs combined, and then the Adams Ward which combines with the LA 6th Ward for its youth program.
In order to combine the youth programs, the bishops of the various wards operate joint committees and have to coordinate callings. This level of coordination suggests that some of these wards could easily be combined were it not for the language barriers/preferences of the adult membership.
Finally, we have the young single adult and student wards. The LA YSA Ward is not particularly large. Sacrament meeting attendance is usually between 75 and 80. The USC Ward is significantly smaller, and many of the members are married graduate students. The UCLA Ward is something in between, but it is also a mix of single and married.
With the direction from Salt Lake that all student wards should be replaced by YSA wards, it is probably only a matter of time before the USC and UCLA are dissolved. They don't have enough young single adults to create another YSA ward in the stake, so the Los Angles YSA will probably absorb the excess. The married members of these student wards will flow mostly to the Adams Ward (which desperately needs more active members to hold callings) and the Westwood 1st Ward (which is actually pretty strong, but definitely has the capacity to absorb some more members).
The most optimistic prediction is that the two student wards will be dissolved, but the added strength to the Westwood wards will free up enough mid-singles from callings that the stake feels a separate mid-singles unit can be justified. That would bring the number of wards down from 12 to 11 (or maybe 10 wards and 1 branch depending on how many mid-singles there really are). Some of the Spanish wards appear stronger than their English counterparts, but none of the wards in the stake appear close to splitting.
Regarding the Los Angeles, California Stake, in the slightly longer term there is reason to be more optimistic. As is no secret, one of the strongest sources of growth in the Church in recent years has been the Latino community, which has a large presence in the Los Angeles area. According to the latest available information from the American Community Survey, there are 185,000 English-speakers and 155,000 Spanish-speakers who live within the boundaries of the Hollywood Ward. (There are also roughly 20,000 each of Tagalog, Armenian, and Russian speakers, but there is no specific Church outreach to those communities in the Hollywood area at the moment.) In the Adams Ward boundaries there are 148,000 English-speakers and 298,000 Spanish-speakers.
With as many or more Spanish-speakers in the area as there are English speakers, and given the generally higher receptivity of that community, the new mission president of the Los Angeles mission is taking advantage of the current missionary surge to reach out. I’m told that only one set of English-speaking missionaries has been assigned to the Hollywood Ward, but the LA 4th ward, which meets in the same building and has a combined youth program with the Hollywood Ward, has recently been assigned 4 or 5 sets of Spanish-speaking missionaries.
The three Spanish-speaking wards have, on average, higher sacrament meeting attendance than their English counterpart, but they tend to struggle more when it comes to providing sufficient leadership to fulfill callings. In the short term the missionary surge is not likely to solve the leadership problems, but in the long term, as new converts gain experience, this may be laying the foundation for a stronger Los Angeles stake.
Gnesileah, thanks for the information about Billings. It seamed strange to create three new wards at once. Glad to see strong growth.
MLewis82,
Thanks for the information about the LA Stake. For the record, I don't think Matt is saying that he expects each of these stakes to split soon, only that some of them might.
To create a stake from a realignment of 1 or more stake boundaries, each stake needs certain criteria. First, each stake is supposed to have five wards. Second, there should be a minimum number of active, full tithe-paying Melchizedek Priesthood holders (in addition to those required for each ward). And third, in the US/Canada, they are supposed to have 3000 members (1900 in other countries).
In addition to having at least five wards, effectively a stake needs more than the equivalent of a ward, to staff the stake.
Data can readily be found as to the number of wards and branches currently in stakes. Matt, who continually updates a database of stakes, districts, and congregations, can quickly see which have enough for two halves of the stake to each meet the five ward requirement. But, the other two criteria--numbers of active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priestholders and numbers of members are harder to find--not readily published. Matt is trying to identify the universe of possible new stake creations.
My stake is on Matt's list of potential stake splits and it easily meets the criteria for numbers of wards and numbers of AFTPMPH, but doesn't have sufficient members for each stake to have 3000 members (we have about 5200). (I figure if the Church keeps pushing 20 AU members into each ward, we could have over 6000 members on the unit records within a year, without actually changing anything).
I like to look at adjacent stakes as often 2 stakes become 3 or 3 become 4. Now, if 2 or more adjacent stakes are on Matt's list, that makes it a little more likely. But, Matt's list only highlights one of the three requirements for stakes.
The Sal Rei Branch, Cape Verde Praia Mission, was created on 28 July. There are now 2 (direct report) branches in the mission:
Fogo Cape Verde District
Cape Verde Praia Mission Branch
Sal Rei Branch
Mike,
For those of us not in the know, could you please explain what AFTPMPH and AU members are? Just curious.
Also, looking at Matt's previous list of stakes likely to split, I counted at least 20 that actually were divided from that list, so it was a pretty good prognostication.
I'm guessing that AFTPMPH means active full-tithe paying melchezidek preisthood holders. I'm guessing that AU means Address Unknown.
That's it! I'm sure you're right, but I feel a little disappointed in myself for not figuring it out on my own!
I talked to my bishop friend and he said the Church Handbook puts the minimum number of full-tithe paying Melchizedek priesthood holders needed at 15 for each ward plus an additional 24 surplus across the stake who are available for stake callings. That is 174 for each stake or 348 total if one stake is going to experience a straight up split.
There are roughly 460 "active" Melchizedek priesthood holders in the LA stake, but you only need to come once every three months to be considered active (of course it has to be in the reporting month). My friend and I estimated that as many as a third of the "active" Melchizedek Priesthood holders may not be full-tithe payers, which would put us down to a little over 300.
For the Los Angeles stake to split, we would need 408 full-tithe paying Melchizedek Priesthood holders to maintain the number of wards we currently have. If we downgraded two to branch status (or just dissolved them) we could get away with 348, but even this lower number might be stretching our numbers a bit.
As for raw membership, we have about 4000 households with 870 couples. I don't have a number for children, but we're probably pretty close to the 6,000 mark. Of course, these numbers can swing widely even from month to month as the area is so transient.
While facilities is not a requirement, it may be a consideration in our favor. We have four regular buildings and two institute buildings. Three of the regular buildings that we meet in could probably serve as stake centers. One is our current stake center and one was the former stake center of the Spanish-speaking stake that was dissolved. In addition to those two buildings, the Westwood building by the LA Temple has a satellite dish, and is frequently used for stake meetings and broadcasts.
As Mike Johnson noted, if a split is going to happen, it would probably involve realigning several stakes. Definitely possible, even in the short term, but all things considered, a split still seems unlikely in the near future (say the next 5 years). Especially when one considers the aforementioned challenges facing the LA stake specifically and that none of the neighboring stakes made the list.
I lived in the Los Angeles Stake for 2years while attending UCLA. We chose to attend the UCLA ward (half married, half single on the temple lot) rather than go to the closeby Santa Monica Stake geographic ward that was located on Sawtelle (we were across the freeway on Sepulveda in graduate housing). I did play basketball there by the 405 freeway frequently and I would go to General Conference there, since it had a good basketball court and was so near.
Also, having lived in California another 6 years besides LA, I have noticed that the overall growth rate has not appreciably changed in the state. I would have expected well over 800,000 saints there by now, but maybe it is because many of us
have moved away; like me to the east coast and my brothers-in-law to Utah and Arizona. Jobs. I hope the surge of missionaries will help more Angelos attend our churches in the city and come into the fold.
But the diversity of Asians and Latinos and others certainly make the missions in and around LA a bit more complex. More languages to learn. Like the Armenians in Glendale as I have mentioned before. Challenging but fascinating.
The Orange County and Inland temples should hopefully help the LA temple outreach for others to be stronger. I wonder how the temple presidents can be evangelizers, probably helping less active people to go to the temple and change their lives.
I should also mention that Prop 8 in 2008 was quite polarizing and perphaps that has had a negative impact on proseltyzing efforts. And also, CA tends to be on the forefront of worldliness if I do say so.
But with better jobs I am sure the LDS faith will get stronger there. Lots of great people, and also Paul Behunin of the former (now fused) Highland Stake who recently passed away.
God bless the California saints.
I just realized my math was wrong. If we go by the minimum, a stake only needs 99 full tithe-paying Melchizedek Priesthood holders to be created, so the Los Angeles Stake would only need 198 to split on its own. That is definitely within reach for the LA Stake, so maybe a split isn't as far off in the future as I originally thought.
There is still the problem of many of the wards needing to pool resources to perform certain functions, and the uncertain fate of the student wards, so a split won't happen tomorrow. However, a combination of reactivations, new converts, and some move-ins coinciding with a recovering economy could move Los Angeles in the right direction. Who knows, maybe it'll only take three years instead of five.
I created AFTPMPH, because I became tired of writing the full phrase.
AU technically is "Administrative Unit" but because it hold records for people whose whereabouts is unknown, it is sometime referred to as "Address Unknown." When I returned from my mission in 1983, I was called for a short period in trying to find people in the AUs. There is an AU for each US state and for each country internationally.
Curiously, as announced a few months ago, there is an AU for China, which apparently functions differently.
Yes, it is 24 AFTPHPHs for a stake in addition to those required for the wards. The requirement for wards is 15 (plus 1 for every additional 20 members over 300). Note, if you have 12 wards, the requirement for a stake is 24 + 12*15.
Kearney Nebraska has 8 wards and 9 branches though it might be the size of the branches holding them back. But that is one huge stake area-wise. Can't imagine it would be easy managing 17 units.
Should also think a 4th stake would arise out of Omaha between the Omaha Stake (11 wards/2 branches), Papillion (8/2), and Council Bluffs (10/1).
July and Year-to-date growth in Church Units, as reported on CDOL:
July + 25 W&B; + 18 W + 7 br, + 3 stakes - 2 dist.
US + 11; + 10 W + 1 br + 0 st + 17 missions
outside US + 14; + 8 W + 6 br + 3 stakes - 2 dist. + 41 missions
Year-to-date: +156 W&B; + 153 W + 3 br, + 25 stakes - 13 dist + 58 missions + 1 temple
YTD US: + 67; + 74 W - 7 br + 7 st + 0 dist + 17 miss.
Outside US + 89; + 79 W + 10 br + 18 st. - 13 dist
+ 41 missions + 1 temple
I can't see Juneau Stake splitting unless they get more wards.
Traverse City District looks like it maybe could be a stake soon, the same with Pierre, but I am not sure if either have branches that could be made wards. Midland Stake might be able to give a unit or two to Traverse City District, but I am not sure they have anything but branches close to the boundary.
I know here in Michigan about a year ago they got rid of the Ann Arbor University Ward. However, that was fully a married student ward (although when I was in the singles ward in the Ann Arbor stake some of our members who lived on campus would sometimes go to the University Ward if they did not have a ride to the singles ward, the singles ward there now meets in the building the university ward used to use.) However the decision to get rid of the University Ward seems not to have been driven by central directives as much as changing demographics. At one time the University of Michigan had a housing complex for married students, and when the ward was first formed, it was a straight-up geographical ward for that housing. However at some point the university revamped their housing rules, and started renting units their to singles. Along with that they increased the price. New married students then went to living elsewhere. They then redefined the ward to include any families where one of the parents were a student, but the actual members remained largely from the dwindling number of people in that housing.
On the other hand, I know in Salt Lake City about 2003 they got rid of the UofU off campus married stakes largely to strengthen the geographical wards in the heart of the city. My grandparents were in a ward that benefited heavily from those changes.
I wonder if it would be worth while for the church to send Tagalog, Armenian and Russian speaking missionaries to Hollywood. On the other hand, since the Church built a temple in the Philippines before translating the Book of Mormon in Tagalog, maybe the key would not be actually having missionaries who speak Tagalog, but getting materials in Tagalog and focusing on the Filipinos.
Actually AFTPMPH means Active, full-tithe paying Melchezidek Priesthood Holders, although I doubt there are many full-tithe payers who never show up to church, but it is actually possible.
I doubt the Prop 8 effort had any negative effect on actual baptism. It may have made some people less likely to meet with the missionaries, but I doubt those would have joined anyway. My guess is by standing for something, it may have even drawn some to the church.
Most of the dissolving of stakes in California was done before Prop 8, and it seems to have been linked a lot more to members moving out than anything else. The fact is that Anglos have been leaving California in droves, while Asians and Latinos are flooding in. In the short run this means lots of church members have moved out.
On the other hand one of the missionaries we have here in the Detroit mission in as African-American from the Riverside area of California who was baptized a year before leaving on his mission. About 2007 they consolidated the Oakland and San Francisco missions. This year they created 3 new missions in California, all in the south. So it seems like California is one of the places the Church is stepping up efforts.
California I know has a long struggle of trying to find the right balance between integration across linguistic boundaries and respecting linguistic difference. At times decisions to end Spanish -speaking branches in an area have lead to many being offended and going inactive. I hope the decision to end the Spanish-speaking stake does not do the same.
I can see why they would integrate Spanish and English speaking wards youth programs. I just hope they are making sure to allow Latinos to serve as youth leaders still. This might be hard if they do classes in English.
Personally my favorite Sunday in my current ward was when we had a sister give her talk primarily in Spanish. I always have thought insisting talks and prayers be given in English by those who are more comfortable in another language is at times excessive. I just hope they avoid assuming speaking English is a requirement for any calling.
I had a professor at BYU who thought they should create Spanish-speaking stakes in Utah. I am not sure they will, but his point about giving Latinos a chance to serve in leadership is a good one. Although I do know that at times some Provo stakes have had Latinos serving as counselors in stake presidencies, although the one I think of the fastest was a man with an Anglo wife.
There are native Filipinos in the LA and Arcadia missions, I've think I've heard of some being in San Fran as well.
Any comment about why some stakes that are on the 2009 list were removed in the 2013 list? For example, the Poway stake still has the same number of units - 11 wards and 2 branches - as it did in 2009, but the wards are huge and are about ready to split. When they split wards in large stakes, do they usually split the stake at the same time or do they wait for people to adjust?
Mike, now that there is no HP group in wards, think the equation will change to 14 base per ward?
That assumes the 15 was based on:
Bishopric - 3
ExecSec - 1
Clks - 3
EQ - 3
YM - 3
HPGL - 1
WML - 1
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